Hate Speech Is Protected By First Amendment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1625 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: First Amendment Essay Did you like this example? They say that people have freedom of speech, that we can say something we favor due to the fact we are blanketed by way of the First Amendment. And Due to the fact of that right people take benefit of that and decide to take it upon themselves and out their group and offend other people. For example, In the United States, besides if it goes too a long way and strikes towards turning into affectation, words that beg to be defended or a true threat hate speech is secured by using the First Amendment, a truth introduced up by way of a few observers in August, and presumably by means of a few humans in your web-based social networking sustains too. At the quiet of the day, massive numbers of the people who defend supremacist discourse making use of the Main Change do not do as such on the guideline. Or maybe, they defend preferential discourse since they experience that they themselves are under assault. Roundabout, biased people fall lower back on the free discourse resistance w ith the cease purpose to impenetrable their very own prejudices.We consider standards thoughts we use to manage habits in our ordinary day to day existences, White stated in a news discharge in regards to the examination. Our information demonstrate something else that we will in customary decide on something structured on our dispositions† for this situation, racial mentalities†and afterward pick out that the rule is widespread or unessential. Individuals do something fantastic incorporates their prior states of mind. For the biased individual, the Main Correction applies when it suits their requirements but is lacking when it doesnt, Crandall stated in regards to the findings. Thinkers like Ta-Nehisi Coates have been contending this for a good sized size of time. Bigotry isnt always only an oversimplified disdain, Coates wrote in an article for The Atlantic. It is, all the greater regularly, vast sensitivity toward a few and more big incredulity toward others. On t he off chance that you expect the quality about one gathering of individuals, however, maintain any other to an alternate standard, there is except a doubt some kind of preference becoming an essential factor. Discourse is more liberated in the Assembled States than essentially wherever else on the planet. Previous U.S. Preeminent Court Equity Oliver Wendell Holmes as soon as stated that the right to speak freely does no longer invulnerable somebodyerroneously yelling flame in a theater and inflicting a frenzy. In the Unified States, altering any piece of the expression above capability the discourse would be secured through the Principal Revision. In the match that there surely used to be a fire, the individual would be a saint, isnt always that so? In the event that they whispered it, they most in all likelihood wouldnt motives frenzy. On the off chance that the false assertion was impacted over the speaker yet no person terrified and just sat there, at that point no damage, no fo ul. The Assembled States partners, then again, would possibly seize the speaker in this scenario based on their goal, regardless of whether no person got injured. A large portion of them likewise have laws limiting scorn discourse. Charles Brandenburg was an affirmed supremacist sentenced for impelling to viciousness for protecting an Ohio Ku Klux Klan rally in the late 1960s. The KKKs attorneys took it as a way as possible up to the Preeminent Court, contending his contemptuous ideas were ensured by using the Main Correction. The Preeminent Court concurred with Brandenburg that his horrendous, damaging discuss Jews and Dark persons used to be naturally ensured on the grounds that it simply fantasized about future savagery. The Court docket chose that before the legislature can rebuff discourse, there should be a quick and specific hazard of genuine savagery to an actual individual. For what motive is executing humans unlawful when hate speech is protected? Well Since with the aid of and massive its imagined that people want to stay and dont have any wish to chew the dirt and that by using one way or every other the privilege to live trumps the privilege to murder. There is a sufficiently huge settlement that executing guiltless humans is indecent and thus currently majority policies systems yield the imposing commercial enterprise mannequin of viciousness to the state. On the off threat that you dont want serious bother to upward thrust to the surface, you ought to implement a few limits on individuals opportunities. It would be unethical not to. For what motive is punching people unlawful? Additionally, with the exception of two or three monstrosities, no one jumps at the risk to be punched. It harms. It would not feel decent. So its sufficiently life like to make it illicit. Shouldnt something be said about stimulating folks in the metropolis, however? Shouldnt Something be said about exasperating them via making boisterous clamors out in the open spaces? Quickly were discussing chance any longer, as well as about morals and the popular estimation of the chance when contrasted with a range of activities which purpose diverse levels of distress. Obviously, if the enduring brought on by means of a mans activities crosses a unique edge, controlling their possibility to do as such is not simply ethically real, yet basic. That is the purpose it is illicit to hijack folks and torment them, regardless of whether you have given them a danger to stay at last. Some may additionally blame me for being excessively utilitarian, on the other hand as fallacious as vanilla utilitarianism might be, regardless I have not recognized about any report of morals that figures out how to good deal away with utility via and through. The American persons are regarded internationally for their readiness to speak their brains, paying little respect to their degree of information. The Primary Alteration ensures our blunt nature, and most Americans are grateful for it. Be that as it may, it is plausible to mishandle free discourse, and many go too far between obstinate chat and brutal denunciation. Leslie Jones, one of the stars of the new adjustment of Ghostbusters, as of late succumbed to detest discourse. A first-rate section of the response that she got, if truth be told on Twitter, had next to no to do with the motion photograph and instead established around her race and sexual orientation. A couple of the many tweets coordinated at her study as pursues: Dont let the #Ghostbusters shelling get you down. Youre a shoo-in to a big name in the Harambe movie as the man himself, Your Ghostbusters isnt the first to have a chimp in it and Huge lipped coon rehashed more than one times. Such pointless and pernicious phrases mortgage nothing to conceivably enhancing the on-screen personality or action picture, and as an alternative show up pointed absolutely to do passionate damage. So far, the response through Twitter has been insignificant and inadequate. Milo Yiannopoulos, a long-term twitter patron associated with the Gamergate Dialogue was once the first to come across any disciplines from Twitter for wrongdoing when his report used to be closed down in light of his assaults on Jones. This is an advantageous development, yet as of now Yiannopoulos and his devotees contend that in closing down his record, Twitter is undermining his First Revision rights. Jones is not the first to have a tough time on Twitter. News coverage junior Sara Lopez modified her Twitter cope with in mild of a storm of irate tweets. Respondents, irate that she set out to condemn the nature of her secondary school, considered her a ho and even endeavored to take in her supply with an end aim to, apparently, promote their maltreatment face to face. There ought to be a level of regard in the event that you will express your assessment, Lopez said. There is a distinction between addressing everything and battling everything. I n extra of 80 percent of European nations, including Germany, France, and the Unified Kingdom, despise discourse is to a superb extent precluded and situation to crook assents. These nations exhibit the potential and viability of such laws, but shockingly the alternate of how and regardless of whether or not they can by way of done domestically more often than not stops when the Primary Correction contention, a most loved of racists and dogmatists, is raised. Law educator H.W. Perry has been heading out Europe to bring discourses about the vast hole between the U.S. whats more, one of a kind international locations with regards to the right to speak freely. A portion of the European states have a truly strong protection of the proper to communicate freely, Perry said. Especially Germany has legal guidelines that offset free discourse with asserted privileges of human pride. Perry pursued this by using clearing up a quintessential point: Numerous humans misconstrue the Main Alter ation. It restricts the administrations command over what people say substantially extra than it does the citizenry. The privilege of the proper to talk freely doesnt suggest that you have the privilege to state these matters barring being reprimanded, stated Perry. Free discourse does not imply that you have the privilege to be a bigot or phobic. Generally, it simply implies that the administration cant end it. Though we stroll into another length in which detest discourse is less useful socially, alternatively runs sizeable on the web. We must put restrictions on this detestable and forceful underbelly of society. Clearly controlling despise discourse may not be simple. Be that as it may, our kingdom has changed truly in the route of latest decades, and a remarkable many humans would nation to improve things. With regards to halting disdain discourse, surrendering is genuinely impossible. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hate Speech Is Protected By First Amendment" essay for you Create order

The Department Of Education And Education Essay - 1079 Words

Introduction The Department of Education or Secretary of Education, is one out of the fifteen cabinet positions in the executive branch. This cabinet, along with its members, collaborates with the President to help him execute policies related to education. This department was created to ensure that students all over the nation are gaining and achieving the knowledge they deserve while attending affordable and comfortable institutions. After congress created the department, it was able to assist over millions of students, both primary and secondary institutions over the years, and provided those with grants, scholarships, and loans to complete their education. The Jobs in this department is simple, anything that has to do with education comes from this part of the cabinet. For instance, ensuring equal educational opportunity, ensure the quality education that every student deserves, or continuing to expand and improve institutions and learning programs. The creation of this department dates back into the late 1800’s when it was recalled as the â€Å"Office of Education† after many thought the Department of Education would be a risk and have too much power over the schools. The office operated on a smaller scale, incorporating small agencies such as health services or homeland security. However, as time progressed, the Office of Education did as well. This was due partly because of the advancement of technology in the mid-1900s lead to a high demand in federal funding forShow MoreRelatedU.s. Department Of Education1764 Words   |  8 Pagestop concern within our nation is the current state of our higher education: its affordability and its overall impact on poverty levels and the unemployment rate. According to the U.S. Department of Education: Creating a clear path to the middle class and ensuring our nation s economic prosperity means opening the doors of higher education to more Americans. 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This funding is known as Title 1 funding and the schools that receive a portion of this funding are referred to as Title 1 schools. Teachers in Title 1 schools encounter students facing life struggles that many of us cannot imagine. Encouraging these students to focus in school can be difficult, but it is essential to overcome the challenge in order for students

Academic Essay Dominion of Canada

Question: What finally pushed these separate colonies together to seriously discuss Confederation with the goal of making one common country:Canada? Answer: Introduction The separate colonies of Canada signed a treaty in 1867 to become the Dominion of Canada. The reasons for the formation of the dominion can be attributed to be both political and economic. The expansion of US towards the west and beyond to the Pacific was described by OSullivan as the Manifest Destiny. During the period the US went to wage many wars both expanding in the north as well as the south. People living in Canada believed that the US wanted to spread its traditions towards the North. The American civil war of 1861 hastened the formation the confederacy. The United States and the Russian minister signed an agreement on 30th March 1867, whereby Russia sold Alaska to the US for a price of $7.2 million. The treaty was viewed as an expansion process by the Canadians. The treaty underlined how the US viewed the formation of a united British North America. The Fenians belonged to the Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish republican organization. The group had leaders like John O Mahony and Michael Doheny (Senior, 1991). The most important task of the brotherhood movement was to pressurize Britain to free Ireland. The Fenians believed that by engaging the British Army in Canada they will be able to tie them down (cbc.gov, 2016). This would help their Irish counterparts to wage a war with England and thus gain independence. The Fenians raided Canada five times from 1866 to 1870. The last raid on Canada was done by John O Neill in 1870. He believed that his 6000 men would be enough for the Canadian forces. The Fenian forces were for most part Irish veterans who had taken part in the American Civil wars. The reciprocity treaty was signed between US and Great Britain on 5th June, 1854. The treaty eliminated the customs tariffs between the two countries. The treaty related to trade of fisheries and reciprocal trade (Haynes, 1892). The politicians of British North America understood the importance of Railways (Marsh, 2016). The province of Canada in 1841 was a large area which had a huge potential for trade. But this trade suffered due to poor road conditions and also because of the fact that the waterways froze for more than five months of a year. The Champlain and Saint Lawrence Railroad was the first railways in Canada. It ran from La Prairie to St. Johns. It opened in 1836. For trade purposes (coal) a rail road was opened in 1839. It transported coal from the Albion Mines to the Dunbar Port. The great western railway was sanctioned by the Canadian and United States with a loan of 200,000. Thus we find that the influence of the American Civil War and USs expansion into the north prompted the Canadian states to sign the treaty. The Canadians had already built the railways which they thought will be helpful in the event of a war. Moreover the Americans ended the Reciprocity treaty in 1865. Thus the different states signed the treaty to form a confederation so that they could stop the America from growing in the north. References Haynes, F. (1892). The Reciprocity Treaty with Canada of 1854. Publications of the American Economic Association, 7(6), 7-70. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2485728 Marsh, J. (2016). Railway History. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 November 2016, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/railway-history/ Senior, H. (1991). The last invasion of Canada (1st ed.). Toronto [Ont.]: Dundurn Press in collaboration with Canadian War Museum, Canadian Museum of Civilization. The Fenians. (2016). Cbc.ca. Retrieved 29 November 2016, from https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPCONTENTSE1EP8CH2PA3LE.html

Wuthering Heights Essays (831 words) - British Films,

Wuthering Heights "Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living" (Bronte, 163)! In this quote, Heathcliff's pain from Catherine's death is obvious. Wuthering Heights is a Victorian novel regarding the lives of the Earnshaws and Lintons. Through three generations, they all experience wave after wave of tragedy all originating with Heathcliff's overwhelming desire for revenge against the Lintons. This hatred is brought on by the treatment Heathcliff receives from the Lintons as well as Edgar Linton's marriage to Catherine, his soul mate. Although many passages of love are exposed in Wuthering Heights, the true genre of this book is tragedy due to the role of characters other than Heathcliff, the untraditional happy ending, and the death of the heroine early in the story. The role of several characters makes this novel a tragedy. Hindley, Hareton, Cathy, and Linton would be completely unneeded if this were a true love story. Hindley becomes Heathcliff's Nemesis from the very beginning. He is cruel and hateful towards Heathcliff. "He [Hindley] drove him [Heathcliff] from their company to the servants, deprived him of the instructions of the curate, and insisted that he should labour out of doors instead, compelling him to do so as hard as any other lad on the farm" (Bronte, 49). Hareton is also unessential to a love between Catherine and Heathcliff. Hareton is Hindley's son and is treated like a slave, much the way Heathcliff was treated as a boy by Hindley. At one point, Heathcliff, talking to Nelly, describes what is in store for Hareton, "I know what he suffers now, for instance, exactly; it is merely a beginning of what he shall suffer, though""(Bronte, 211). Hareton and Cathy's love does make for a reconciliation of all this tragedy. However, it is after the majority of the book and therefore does not negate the previous misfortune. Linton is a pathetic boy who only brings disgust and general pity to the book. Through the book, Linton is very sick. In this scene, Cathy has come to pay him a visit, "...trembling, and retaining her hand as if he needed its support, while his large blue eyes wandered timidly over her, the hollowness round them transforming to haggard wildness the languid expression they once possessed" (Bronte, 249). None of these characters are heroic or essential to the love between Catherine and Heathcliff. The only possible heroic figure is Heathcliff who is evil and rotten. Furthermore, this novel does not have a traditional love story ending. Nearly the entire key characters die and most before the book is halfway over. In the first half, Heathcliff and Catherine are soul mates, yet she marries another. To the last day of her life, they argue and blame each other for their unhappiness. In their last moments together, Heathcliff berates Catherine for the pain she has caused him. "I have not broken your heart ? you have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine" (Bronte, 158). True love is not selfish and does not blame. Even after Catherine is dead, the love between Cathy and Linton is very shallow. It is not a true love story because of his apathy towards her. "His lack of interest in the subjects she stated, and his equal incapacity to contribute to her entertainment, were so obvious, that she could not conceal her disappointment" (Bronte, 249). Also, Heathcliff forced them to marry. The only sense of a love story is at the very end when Hareton and Cathy are seen as a happy couple. But, this too was plagued by Cathy's ridicule of him, "Oh, you dunce" (Bronte, 239)! Also, this was plagued by his maltreatment of her, "I was afraid for a moment, and I let one volume fall; he kicked it after me and shut us out" (Bronte, 240). Even though all seems well in the end, this is not a typical romance. Additionally, our heroine dies early in the novel. She is consumed with brain fever and never recovers. Her love for Heathcliff is only apparent during the childhood years. Selfishness and anger overwhelm any feelings of love she has toward him as an adult. With her gone and half the book remaining, it is impossible to continue with any type of love story between them. In fact, Heathcliff spends the rest of his life eaten with anger and anger does not breed love. He is even angry towards Catherine because she married Edgar instead of following her heart. "Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I

What is Worldview free essay sample

Worldview is the framework of beliefs by which a person views the world around him. (Hindson Caner, 2008) Personally, I see it as how an individual interprets the world and the issues they are face. According to Ken Hemphill, Life Answers, he defines worldview as the unifying perspective from which we organize our thinking about life, death, art, science, faith, learning, work, money, values, and morals. (Weider Gutierrez, 2011) Not necessarily in this order, but this is life in a nutshell. Our life is based on how we response to the things of the world, which we do consciously and subconsciously. Everyone is confronted with worldview; it’s basically our nature, it becomes a defense mechanism that helps to us to make sense of this world. Biblical/Christian Worldview The Question of Origin: Our views lay in the â€Å"Theism† belief which states that â€Å"God exists†. The first five words in the bible states â€Å"In the beginning God created† show the first cause or inception of creation and existent (Gen. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Worldview or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1:1). It shows that God is the infinite, eternal, self-existent creator and that he exists outside of his creation. David shared in (Psalm 139: 13-16) how God also created humans in the depth of their mother’s womb. He planned our life and destiny before he even created us. God spoke the world in existence out of nothing (exnihilo). Biblical/Christian worldviews are based on the inspired word of God that was written by God’s ordained men who were guide by the Holy Spirit (2 Peter 1:21). God had a plan for our lives. The Question of Identity: Our identity is in Christ. We were created in His image and likeness. We are His special creation who were set apart and placed above the animals and a little lower than angels (Psalm 8:5). On the basic of His image we could have fellowship with God and share in His love, glory and holiness. We are God’s masterpiece and chosen for His workmanship (Ephesians 2:10). The Question of Meaning/Purpose: Our purpose is to praise God, worship him, to proclaim his greatness, and to accomplish his will. With this we find that God has given us a reason for our existence, a meaning for our existence. We were created by him, according to his desire, and our lives are to be lived for him so that we might accomplish what he has for us to do. If our ultimate goal in life is to bring glory to God then we can do that by being the best at what we do in the various callings of life (1 Cor.10:31). God wants us to know him as stated in John 17:3 and we can do this by having a personal intimate relationship with him so that we can truly glorify and enjoy God forever. The Question of Morality: According to the Bible, God has made us in His image. Therefore, part of that image makes us a moral being and we are able to make moral choices that enable us to know the difference between right a nd wrong. This is based upon the knowledge of God’s laws and commandments which offer the source of morality. God give us revelation and a conscience. Revelation comes from the word of God which is a reflection of His character to His people (2 Tim. 3:16). Conscience is like our alarm clock it warns us when we go against our moral standard. The Bible tells us that God has written his law on our hearts (Rom. 2:15). The Question of Destiny: From the Christian standpoint our destiny is with Jesus through our salvation. The Bible tells us that those who trust in God for their salvation are reconciled with God and set apart from our sinful nature. Christian believe that heaven and hell are the eternal rest place either in the presence or blessings of God in Heaven (Rev.2:1-7) or in a state of separation from God, being punished in Hell (Rev. 20:11-15). (Weider Gutierrez, 2011) The choice is determine by the person as to where their eternal state lies. Part III: My biblical worldview about deciding a future career would be a model to others and would not go against moral standards nor go against God. Also, one of God’s greatest c ommandments is that we love one another. Therefore on a daily basic my prayer would always be that people would see Jesus in me and I would love, encourage, and tell people about the love of Christ and how much He loves them.

How to Write Compelling Personality Profiles

How to Write Compelling Personality Profiles The personality profile is an article about an individual, and profiles are one of the staples of feature writing. No doubt youve read profiles in newspapers, magazines or websites. Profiles can be done on just about anyone whos interesting and newsworthy, whether its the local mayor or a rock star. Here are seven tips for producing great profiles. 1. Take the Time to Know Your Subject Too many reporters think they can produce quick-hit profiles where they spend a few hours with a subject and then bang out a quick story. That wont work. To really see what a person is like you need to be with him or her long enough so that they let their guard down and reveal their true selves. That wont happen in an hour or two. 2. Watch Your Subject in Action Want to know what a person is really like? Watch them doing what they do. If youre profiling a professor, watch him teach. A singer? Watch (and listen) to her sing. And so on. People often reveal more about themselves through their actions than their words, and watching your subject at work or play will give you lots of action-oriented description that will breathe life into your story. 3. Show the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly A profile shouldnt be a puff piece. It should be a window into who the person really is. So if your subject is warm and cuddly, fine, show that. But if theyre cold, arrogant and generally unpleasant, show that too. Profiles are most interesting when they reveal their subjects as real people, warts and all. 4. Talk to People Who Know Your Subject Too many beginning reporters think a profile is just about interviewing the subject. Wrong. Human beings usually lack the ability to objectively view themselves, so make a point of talking to people who know the person youre profiling. Talk to the persons friends and supporters, as well as their detractors and critics. As we said in tip no. 3, your goal is to produce a rounded, realistic portrait of your subject, not a press release. 5. Avoid Factual Overload Too many beginning reporters write profiles that are little more than an accretion of facts about the people they are profiling. But readers dont particularly care when someone was born, or what year they graduated from college. So yes, include some basic biographical information about your subject, but dont overdo it. 6. Avoid Chronologies Another rookie mistake is to write a profile as a chronological narrative, starting with the persons birth and plodding through their life up to the present. Thats boring. Take the good stuff- whatever it is that makes your profile subject interesting- and emphasize that right from the start. 7. Make a Point About Your Subject Once youve done all your reporting and gotten to know your subject reasonably well, dont be afraid to tell your readers what youve learned. In other words, make a point about what kind of person your subject is. Is your subject shy or aggressive, strong-willed or ineffectual, mild or hot-tempered? If you write a profile that doesnt say something definitive about its subject, then you havent done the job.

The Building of a Hamiltonian America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Building of a Hamiltonian America - Essay Example Hamilton viewed the country as as an integrated system that needed a strong Federal government and expansive national programs. By 1820, America was still largely rural and had an agricultural based economy. However, 1820 also ushered in the vision of Hamilton's America due to the country's common interests, the industrial revolution, and the close-knit nature of the New America. There was general agreement that using state governments to grant corporate charters was a benefit to the economy and the people. Hamilton had worked for a national banking system since the late 18th century and in 1816 President Madison signed a bill creating the Second National Bank (Nash et al. 261,262, Henretta, Brody and Dumenil 250,251). This was a common interest that was shared by the people in an effort to develop a common form of commerce. The War of 1812 also served to create a common goal across the country. At this point, people were just beginning to view America as a nation. The war had been viewed as a national problem and initiated a surge of postwar nationalism that was followed by a period of "national unification and economic development" (Nash et al 320). The era of national pride and the banking system were two common interests that set the stage for further development. The national banking system and Hamilton's ideas on debt financing had come to be an important part of the industrial revolution. By 1820, Jefferson's view of rural America was beginning to change. There was greater trade and greater productivity. Mechanization had begun to stimulate the economy. Between 1790 and 1820, the average income for Americans rose by 30% (Henretta, Brody, and Dumenil 293). Agriculture was mechanizing and changing the face of the rural South. Though there was still a philosophical split between the North and South, the feelings of nationalism and a strong federal presence were being felt throughout America that was being fueled by the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution and the complexities of a national banking system required that there be close association between the people of the country. This was made possible by improvements in transportation and communication. The national investment in roads had cut travel times between major cities in the East by half by the early 1800s. By 1818, the trip from Cumberland Maryland to Wheeling West Virginia on the Ohio River had been reduced from 8 to 3 days (Nash et al. 321). In addition steamboats were traveling the Mississippi and Ohio taking cargo and passengers around the country. This intermingling of trade and ideas further strengthened Hamilton's picture of America. The people were also brought together by the proliferation of the printed word. In the 1790s fewer than 100 newspapers were published, but this number ballooned to over 1000 by 1830 (Nash et al. 322). The ability to mix trade, thoughts, ideas, and the printed word formed the basis of a strong federal union. In conclusion, both Jefferson and Hamilton have formed today's America. Americans treasure their independence and individual freedom as espoused by Jefferson. American's are also dependent on the strong federal system that promotes unity and cooperation among the states. By 1820 and the establishment of the Second National Bank, America was beginning to look like Hamilton's vision. The nationalistic spirit

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Argument - Essay Example In return, there has been high agricultural production. Opponents of organic food argue that organic farming methods wastes land since they use less land. Further, they argue that there is no prove that organically produced foods are more nutritious than genetically produced foods. Therefore, there is the need to change some assumptions about genetically engineered crops (Dena and Stave 348). Majority of people who use organic food argue that they do so because they aim to avoid health hazards associated with it. Further, they argue that it is good to practice natural methods of food production since it is perceived that food produced using natural methods is healthy and contain less chemicals such as pesticides. For instance, drawing from an experiment conducted on children in US, the urine of those children who consumed foods grown conventionally had more pesticides residues than the urine sample of those children who consumed food grown naturally. Production of food organically does not destroy soil quality but instead keeps the quality of the soil because it does not involve the use of synthetic fertilizers that makes the soil lose its nitrogen and other important nutrients (Dena and Stave 349-352). In addition, organic food encourages biodiversity in the sense that it does not foster the use of intensive herbicides and pesticides that endanger crop species but instead they use no herbicides and apply less pesticide thus increasing the soil organic matter. Conventional farming use synthetic fertilizers made from nitrogen, which in turn finds its way into lakes, rivers, and other ecosystems thus affecting water surroundings. Contrary, organic farming does not pollute the ecosystem because farmers use fewer fertilizers and in some cases, they do not use any fertilizers. It is significant to note that organic method of farming

Literature Review Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Literature Review Assignment - Essay Example Moreover, towards the end of the minimum body temperature stage, a person will enter the ‘wake maintenance zone’ (Lack, Gradisar, Van Someren, Wright, and Lushington 309). In addition, the body’s temperature does not just affect the rhythms that people experience when engaged in the dream phase or before waking up. A person’s body temperature can also affect his or her frequency of experiencing insomnia. The onset of insomnia can be attributed to delayed rhythms of body temperature in incidences where an individual attempts to sleep in the midst of a delayed wake maintenance period. This may typically be experienced in the evening. Insomnia can also happen in the morning. Experiences of awakening insomnia in the morning may be connected to the incidence of advanced rhythm in temperature. According to Lack, Gradisar, Van Someren, Wright, and Lushington, the combination of maintenance insomnia and sleep onset is linked with the constant elevation of the temperature of the human body stimulating the continual hyper-arousal state that is characteristic of insomnia (307). Lack, Leon, Michael Gradisar, Eus Van Someren, Helen Wright and Kurt Lushington. â€Å"The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures.† Sleep Medicine Reviews 12.4(2008):307-317. Retrieved from

Elements in Designing Public Spaces

Elements in Designing Public Spaces Introduction: Now a days more attention is given on to the human dimension in the city planning and the need for quality in the public spaces. Importance of public spaces is universally accepted by one and all. The question is what makes public space more successful? The designer is trying to give best model of good public spaces. However we find that many times well designed public space also doesnt generate good public response. In this essay an attempt is made to study a place evolved organic growth through accumulation and flourishes of public at large design public space to know which place is more successful. Question: What makes a successful public space? Have people who use it had any role to play in making it a successful? What role a designer can play in making a space successful? Public space defined: If one has to define public space in one liner, it means space for public at large.According to public space book, public zrealm includes all the space accessible to and used by people (p.111).So we can say it is a space which is made for people and it is made by people. As Loukaitou sideris and Banerjee (1998, p.175) observe: public life involves relatively open and universal social contexts, in contrast to private life, which is intimate, familiar, shielded, controlled by the individual, and shared only with family and friends. Public space is the place where one likes to spend more time not doing anything special and enjoy surroundings. This can be libraries, community centers, streets, plaza and parks. The dimensions of public space are physical and social. (p.109) Physical means space- which occur social activities. These spaces may be or may not be privately owned. For example hospitals, theaters etc are privately owned public space. The public space can be external or internal and it might be quasi external and internal space. (p.111) William White (1980) in his study in New York gave more emphasis on small scale open spaces in towns, squares, piazzas, plazas, pocket parks and street as the important public space, which are external public spaces. Primitive man moved from place to place in search for food and shelter. Agriculture helped him to settle at place for security and protection. Family life and sense of ownership were the important factor which weighed with him for the establishment of settlement. Communal living gave rise to social interaction. He then stated exchanging goods and services with others in the community for his personal and family need and here started business and commerce. Good and bad events in the community brought inmates closer and this is how, a life outside the private house originated. Initially no particular space was identified as public space. Shady place under the tree on the outskirt of a village or habitat served the purpose. Common well near the village, lake side land, riverbank or the market place was the place where people of all walks of life gathered and discussed their serious and non serious issues. Still in villages people use to gather at the Chauraha of the village. Chauraha is the space where the community meeting takes place in village. It might be under tree or open space at the junction of street. Here they did their routine activity, enjoyed the community life. This was the most primitive public space created by the people without any deliberation or active participation. Market places, squares, plazas and gardens are the extended versions of such places by evolution. All these places have grown organically by evolution. The man is the most inquisitive and innovative creature on earth. He has the ability to think, evaluate, accept the good and forego the bad. These mental faculties have made it possible for a man to improve by evolution. The change may not seem in a short time, in the longer run, the change is substantial. By evolutionary process man has tried to make his habitat more and more suited. Man has improvised his society by accumulation, adaptations and additions. Henry Sheftoe has raised a question can we design such places at the drawing board? Critics of formal architecture and planning such as Bernard Rudofsky (Architecture without Architects) and Christopher Alexander (The Timeless Way of Building, A Pattern Language) suggest that we are better of growing good places and spaces, rather than trying to build them from a blueprint. Henry Sheftoe has said I think we have a lot to learn about how plans and natural environments grow, evolve and adapt to local circumstances and then to mirror this in the development of the built environment. What do we mean by a city or town? Is it just a place of land where houses have been built for human settlement? Or it is a living organism of people staying there. If one knows the basic different between house and home, he will appreciate this important difference. A building may be just a structure of four walls and roof for an outsider but for a person residing there is more than that because he is attached to the same sentimentally. This sense of attachment to a public place works at macro level. Therefore, when we talk of evolved public space, they are the places created be people for themselves to suit their taste, culture and tradition. The city is discussed in barren eviscerated terms and in technical jargon by urban professional as if it were lifeless, detached being. In fact it is a sensory, emotional, lived experience. (Landry 2006,p.2). When a city or town is to be planned from the scratch, the designer can defiantly give his best with the help of his design input. He provides for the well designed public spaces for the common use and the same will be used by people who will stay there. But this is not the easy case every time. How well the people will accept a public space if it is designed without taking in to account their taste and needs? It may fail through it may be the most ideal design situation. Sennet (1973) in his critical statement said they have failed, not for lack of technical expertise, but because they have lot had the power to be adaptive over the course of time p100. Barnad (1994) in his account of How Building Learn suggested that good architecture is nor necessarily produced by design specialists but by the spontaneous and continuous activity of the people. Christopher Alexander asks why our modern cities so often lack a sense of natural growth, and goes on to suggest a set of rules and guidelines by which we can inject that organic character back into our high streets, buildings and squares. People who stay at a place, have by their long association to the place and style of living, developed an affinity towards the same and material change in that space will never be accepted by them. Spaces are for people to suit the designed place. Such attempts will arouse condemnation from the people and will result in failure of the space to serve the purpose. One can treat the body but not the soul. What is successful public space?: Successful public space are the place which is universally accepted by the community, where one can see and enjoy multiple activity and accessible by all kinds of member of society from children to aged. According to Francis Tibbalds, successful public spaces consist of rich, vibrant, mixed use environment that does not die at night or at the weekends and is visually stimulating and attractive to residents and visitors alike. Successful public spaces contain overlapping use of different activity and where person can join and participate without any hesitation. It must be a safe place. This is the place where society like to meet daily and enjoy the pollution free atmosphere. Henry Sheftoe has used word convivial for a successful public space. He says convivial is defined in dictionaries as festive, sociable, jovial and fond of merry- making; usually referring to people, but it can equally apply to a situation. He says without such convivial spaces, cities, towns and villages would be mere accretions of buildings with no deliberate opportunities for casual encounters and positive interactions between friends or strangers. How to evaluate public space? Despite the fact that the public space is important for good urban living, question still remains, what places are good or bad. Evolution of public space is a subjective issue and decisions may vary from person to person. Here we are not concerned with the decision form the designers point of view, but only from the point of vew of an individual common man on the street. Experts in the subjects have given different parameters for evaluating the success of a public space. However project for public space have after many case studies and surveys propounded four important parameters and they are access and linkages, comfort and image, user and activities, sociability. All other parameters given by others are more or less covered within the sweep of the aforesaid four issues. Therefore in this essay, success of the public spaces is examined by applying these four parameters only. Accessibility is most important factor which affects the willingness of the users. People are ready and willi ng if the space is nearby, in the neighborhood or approachable easily. Comfort and images decides the attraction of people. According to book Image of the City (Lynch, p.9), the quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability to evoking a strong image in any given observer. Good comfort of space also create good image on the mind. Comfort is the abstract perception in the minds of the user and good seating, lighting, mobility, traffic free environment are the physical criteria. People coming to certain public space have different reasons to come and therefore multiple activity options on the space make it more convivial. Mixed used activities generate maximum public response. If space is used by only one type of users, other users may not find place interesting. Space must provide welcoming environment to all the residents at all the time. Activities in short are the reasons to visit the place, they will interact and communicate with each other. They will love the company and will have sympathy for others. Tolerance, compassion and love are the natural fallout of a good public space. Why Banaras Ghats and Pershing park? Case study of ghat in Banaras as evolved public space: Banaras is perhaps the oldest living city in the world. It is said that (singh, 1993) city has been lived since 4th century. According to Mark Twain (1898) Banaras is older than history, older than tradition, older than legend and looks twice as old as all of them together. It is situated on the bank of holy river Ganga. According to author P. B. Singh (1993), From the ages this river front of Ganga is used by people of India as a place for performing rituals and holistic activity from birth to death. Visitor from all over the world make a point to visit Banaras either to perform Hindu rituals or be witness to them. River bank of Ganga and especially the Ghats has been acclaimed as public places and their existence since time immemorial does make it evolved public place. It is a classical example of evolved public place. According to the Merriam Websters online dictionary (2009) Ghat means A broad flight of steps that is situated on an Indian riverbank and that provides access to the water especially for bathing. Banaras is bound on the east by river Ganga which flows from north to south and while bending continuously makes a beautiful crescent like riverfront. The left bank is flanked by city while right bank is plain and undeveloped. The right bank lands are reserved for agriculture and no construction is permissible. People of Banaras are strongly related to river. The river nurtures their life. It is respected mother like. All the people living there regularly visit the ghat for bathing and routine. Earlier the ghats were muddy platforms to sit near the river. However by evolution the muddy platforms are regenerated as stepped ghats. Most of these ghats have been improved during the 17th and 18th centuries. (Singh, 1993). High contours and different water levels in the river during different seasons, the stepped embankment -ghat is perhaps the best type of river front. There are almost 84 ghats along the river in span of 5 kms. However study is confined to Dasashvamedh ghat, Darbhanga ghat, Munshi ghat, Ahilyabai Ghat. Accessibility and linkage to the edge of the river (Ghat): Study area Ghats are interconnected with each other and one can walk from one to other easily. Access to the ghat is little bit mysterious and confusing. But in plan, one can observe that all roads in the city directly lead to the ghats. Ghats are connected with two types of street. Dasashvamedh road is the Commercial Street and main approach for visitors. Other streets are Secondary Street and connect internal part of the city to the ghats. Other clear accessibility to the ghats is from the river, which is very clear and inviting. Transit points are the main bazaar street. Ghat is accessible on foot and by the boat from the river. The overall experience from city to the Dasashvamedh Ghat: From city to the Ghat is a human scale. Person cant perceive the Ghat while moving from the street. River is not visible from the inner parts of the town. Arrival to the Ghats is quite surprising. Organic development of the building on the edge of river diverts the users movement towards Ghat at certain angle and cut the vision from the distance. The experience from Dasashvamedh Ghat to the city: This experience is quite opposite to one stated above. At the ghat edge buildings are monument scale, which create image of the city from the river and image of skyline gives clear interpretation of activity on the edge. From the ghat one can observe whole city skyline because of the topography of the city. This scale slowly disappears while moving towheads the city. Dasashvamedh road: Dasashvamedh road is a main connection between Kashi Vishvanath temple and the Dasashvamedh Ghat. The whole street contains commercial life and full of mix use character houses. Surprisingly street has two way roads with divider at the center but does not give access to cars. Only two wheelers can pass on this road. The flow of people on this route is so high and black head crowd leads everyone towards the Ghat. At the junction of the Ghat street goes down in slope. Secondary Streets: These streets connect Munshi Ghat, Darbhanda Ghat and Ahilyabai ghat which are mainly attached with residential area. These streets are quite narrow and flanked by row of 3 to 4 storied residential houses with small shops on the ground floor. Street creates shadow on the road all the time which gives good comfort all the time of the day to user. Cows and dogs also stroll in these narrow streets and pedestrian found comfortable. Dark street have over looking spaces from the houses create secure and safe walk for users. At the junction of Chaustti Bazaar streets widen up and that generate community activity with the help of Chaurah (cross road) and temple or shrine. Here edges are the mediator who play major role to generate public spaces at the certain intervals. Accessibility to the Ghats is crowded and appears mess to a designer. On the linkage of the ghat and street, small temples and stalls which make it porous and active in nature. Crowd on such points make the movement on foot also difficult. Edge of the Ghat: Edge of the Darbhanga Ghat and Munshi Ghat are quite dead because of the fort wall but still we can observe activities there. On Dasashvamedh Ghat, shops and temples make edge quite porous and live. Comfort and Image: Ghats have its own individuality on the bank of rive Ganga. Here we can really appreciate what Kevin Lynch thought about the city image (1981, p.1 ) At every instant, there is more than eye can see, more than ear can hear, sitting or a view waiting to be explored. According to Rishma Parikh (2000, p.39) the nature of the placeis sensorial as well as physical. Both, physical environment and the manners of its consumption are responsible for an image. Ghats are very unique in nature. The steps on the contour make it full of life and activities. One can notice that number of people, mostly tourist are busy with cameras taking photograph. But those busy in their routine activities of bathing, praying, performing rituals are unperturbed. The space is full of people from all walks of life. The stone steps provide sitting for people as well as provide accessibility to river. Here Ghats face east direction so direct sun light will be there in the morning hours but in let afternoon and evening hours, monumental scale edge gives shadow on the steps. People use umbrella to gain shadow in the morning hours on the platform of the ghat. At places, bottom of the trees is converted into platform to sit. Here at the Dasashvamedh Ghat we can see police station but still safety is the issue because of the overcrowding. The buildings on the steps create overlooking spaces, which help to reduce issues of safety. City of Banaras is very congested in nature. But as one enters the Ghat, one can feel openness and freedom of space, which is the main attraction for the people to come at ghat. Uses and activity: The Ghats generate very strong religious bond because of devotees holding central activity power. All ghats are used for ritual activities. In the morning people gather here for bathing and Puja, in the afternoon people are busy doing rituals and evening hours see people attending Arati (offering with lighted lamps) and Puja. They take bath in the river. In the afternoon time we can see the people doing different ritual activity behind the death of the people. Apart from the rituals we can see children playing on the platform of the Ghats. Visitors are roaming around and taking photos. Even these activities are also daily on the Ghats. In the special occasions the Ghats used as Emphi Theater, where different live concerts are arranged. On festival days, special Arati is done. Ghats have multi layer activity throughout the day. On the edge of the Dasashvamedh Ghat we can find small temples which conduct religious discourses. The small stalls around the Ghats sell many items which attract not only the local public but also the tourist alike. Small idols, flower, scented sticks etc. Even visitor can take a ride in the bat during the day and night time full moon boat ride is very famous to enjoy the river. This is perhaps the best place where one can see culture and tradition of India. It is India in small scale. Sociability: Sociability of the place is clearly seen. Activities here bring the people together. Devotees and priest sit together and have rituals, which is the back bone activity on the ghat. We find people of all walks of life from beggars to businessman freely interacting with each other. Rich give aims to poor. Bhandaras are the special events on festival days. This is the best example of community participation on the ghat. Even one can observe animals like, cow, goat and man/woman sitting together very comfortably. Visitors and even foreign tourist are seen involved in local activities. Barber shop, tea stalls, palmist, horoscope reader, singer, musician and serpent are commonly seen here and people enjoy their presence and company. Ghats are the best example of socialization between people of different culture and tradition. Space around the Ghats is quite messy and dirty but it doesnt dissuade public to going there. All big events in the town are held here. The Ghats not only have religious importance but are the life line of the people of neighborhood. Kumar says about people of Banaras in her article, their bowels would simply not move in closed spaces, nor would they consider themselves clean from bathing under tap, which shows social attachment of people to the space. Take away ghat from Banaras and it would be lifeless. Ghats are the best examples of democratic places. Neelakshi Joshi has rightly said, the ghat is thus the common bath, the largest open space, meditation center and the biggest pub in town for culture and social encounter and has been so far centuries untold. The ghats of Banaras stand as inspiration for bringing together all men-painters, ascetics, beggars, washer men and kings to the same platform. Natures bounty is not considered the prerogative of the man who can afford the property by the river. It is rather a thing of joy for all to be enjoyed together. Case study of Pershing Square: Site is situated in Los Angeles. City has storing grid pattern and this park is fitted in block size of the grid. This park was designed 1866 and number of time it was redesigned. The study is based on the last design which is done in 1994 by Ricardo Legoretta and Laurie Olin. Before in 1866 it was a formal Spanish plaza and then it was reinvented in 1911, 1928, 1950 and 1994. The number of redesigning of plaza shows transformation of the city from time to time. It is suggestive of the lack of community connection. If local people are attached to a place, they would have stuck to basic form of the space. In 1951 government rebuilt the area and proposed underground parking with the reason to reduce car congestion of the area. Accessibility and image to the park: The Pershing square is an island having road grid on all four sides. The streets which are adjacent to the square are south Olive Street, West 5th and 6th lane and south hill street. Park is accessible from all roads. Streets act as a divider between edge of adjacent building and park. Buildings around the streets are like west 6th lane, South Olive and Hill Street. Have activates like dominos pizza, restaurants, cafà ©, hotels, offices and international jewelry center. This street faà §ade seems very active and porous in nature. The West 5th street faà §ade is little dead and have parking lot as well. Traffic on this street in day time is quite high. People use this street as a pathway to go from one place to another. People do not linger here on this space for long time. At the edge of the square have entry for the underground parking. It has different color wall on the edge, which distract the vision of people. One can find public transport at the edge of the park. On all stree ts, bus stop to access the park. Pershing square metro station is located nearby at five minutes walk. Comfort and image to the park: At the first glance of the parks modern architecture generate good impression on the mind. Usage of the bright color creates aesthetic excitement. Even good use of architectural elements can be seen inside the park. Park has good comfortable arrangement of seating. Pam tree in the park give better shadow and give proper comfortable area to stand. The steps around the water body give comfortable sitting to the user. Usage and activity at the park: The park has scientific architectural elements like solar system waterfall, several constellation maps on floor, telescopes. But this element does not generate activates. At lunch time, people serving in nearby places come here to take their lunch. Most of the time the park is sterile. The development authority conduct good events on the park to attract people like ice scatting, musical evenings etc. but after the activity park seem dead. Park is used only by homeless people. Sociability: The development authority designed it to make a social and democratic space. But it has not come up as such. It has miserable failed to serve is purpose. Analysis: Case study shows that ghats are conveniently located on bank of River Ganga. The river runs north to south and city has organically grown along the river. All the roads lead us to Ghat and accessibility is good form proximity point of view. However city is congested. Roads are narrow and mess. Ghats remain crowded all the time and movement is not comfortable. Cleanliness is another negative factor. However from the point of varied of activities, it is a successful place in as much as the place is bubbling with varied activities throughout the day. Socialization is utmost on this space. If the success of the ghat is to be evaluated y applying parameters suggested by the Project for Public Space, the rating would be poor. However, clumsy accessibility and poor comfort level do not deter the people from socializing on this space. The reverence, people of Banaras has shown is enormous to river Ganga. River Ganga is the life line of people o Banaras and Ghats are the organs without which life at Banaras cannot be thought of. Social attachment of the people of Banaras to river Ganga is is enormous and that has made the ghats a great success despite all odds in terms of good design elements. Ghats are present day riverfronts. However, care has been taken by those who developed ghats on river to ensure that the river is not canalized by embankments as we see at other places. The crescent shaped curve of the river is also well maintained showing their respect for the river. Ghats are perhaps the best example of evolved places. Second case study of Pershing Square Park gives an opposite proposition. Accessibility to park is good. Comfort level and image of the place is also good. Aesthetic design of the park should normally arouse public response. The development authorities have inserted all good design elements to make the park success. However we find that public participation at the place is very poor. The park has failed to achieve its objective. Either people are not interested in the activities it offers or the people have no attachment with the space. The combined study of the two places leads us to conclude that over and above the four parameters suggested by Project for Public Space, there is one more factor which is vital to make a public space convivial and it is -emotional attachment of people to its place. Presence of this factor alone can make a space successful even if no some other counts it may not be convivial. Emotions emanate from long unbroken social and cultural bond. People make places by their accumulations of adaptations and additions. Designer can certainly give his inputs on first three counts of accessibility, comfort and activities but he is helpless on the last parameter in as much as he can solicit public response. He cant make people use this space. Public sentiments are the most vital issue which makes the place successful. Without public response, the space will be sterile and miserably fail to achieve its true objective. The authorities, therefore, should concentrate more on improving evolved public spa ces by increasing the accessibility and comfort level and by providing diverse mix use activities. Evolved public spaces can be made more convivial with little work in this direction. Findings: People make places. Unless the space stimulates the overwhelmed response from one and all, the public space meat for them cannot become successful. The public spaces evolved by accumulation of adaptations and additions by users themselves are more convivial and people regularly use such places though they are not encouraging from the designers point of view. The success of particular public spaces is not in the hands of the designer. His best design model can fail if people do not respond favorably. Design exercise fails if it does not uphold the sentiments of the people using them. Evolved public space can be easily made more comfortable and lively by the efforts of the designer who keeps in mind the sentiments of the users.

Physics 122 Midterm (Fall 2010)

University of Waterloo Department of Physics & Astronomy Physics 121 – Midterm Fall 2010 Instructors: Dr. Robert Mann (sections 2,3) Dr. Guenter Scholz (section 1) Date: November 4 , 2009 Time: 19:00-21:00 Duration: 2 hours (120 minutes) rh Instructions Important: Write your name and student ID on each page. If necessary you may use the back of the page to continue your answer but not the back of the previous page. The pages may be separated as part of the marking process. 5 questions constitute a complete paper. Each question is of equal value. All questions will be counted.The last page contains some constants and formula that may be useful. You may remove and keep this page as a souvenir. Aids Permitted calculator writing implements Question Points Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total: 20 20 20 20 20 20 1. a Up, up, and away [15] A balloonist can’t resist throwing a drink to another balloonist. The ‘thrower’ is moving at v = -15j m/min while the ‘catcherâ€℠¢ is moving at v = 15j m/min. At the instance the former throws the drink the ‘catcher’ is at (3i – 10j) m from the ‘thrower’. If the throw is horizontal, at what speed does the drink need to be thrown to be caught? 1. Logging [10] Estimate, via a reasonable calculation, the number of trees that need to be cut down to supply the pulp for one day’s edition of the major newspaper â€Å"The Record† in Kitchener-Waterloo2. Circus performance A pivoting pulley hanging from the center tent top allows a lady artist (m = 40 kg) to rotate freely while her partner (M = 100 kg) supports her via a rope over the pulley. he rope length, measured from the pulley, holding the rotating artist is 3. 0 m and the helper is not accelerating. [4] (a) Draw a Free Body Diagram of each performer and the pulley; clearly indicate the forces. 5] (b) What is the tension in the rope? [5] (c) At what angle, with respect to the vertical, is the lady’s supportin g rope? [6] (d) What is the period (time for one revolution) of her revolution? 3. Going Fishing Because of inclement weather, a boater needs to travel as quickly as possible across a channel from a fishing spot at ‘A’ to the harbour at ‘B’. The harbour is 10. 0 km East and 15 km North of his fishing spot. A tide is flowing at 3. 0 km/hr 45 to the South of East, and the boat’s speed is 8. 00 km/hr relative to the water.B A [5] (a) What is the heading of the boater for the shortest trip? clearly indicate this angle on an appropriate diagram) [5] (b) Find the boat’s speed relative to the shore. [5] (c) What is the shortest time for the trip? [5] (d) If there were no tide, how much time would the trip require? m F 4. Blocked Up M ! A small block of mass m rests on the incline of a wedge of mass M and angle ! , whose coefficient of static friction is  µ. The wedge is on a frictionless surface. [8] (a) If m = 1 kg and M = 20 kg, what is the minim um force, F, you need to apply to the wedge that will prevent the small block from sliding down the slope if  µ =0 and ! 45 o ? [12] (b) For general values of m, M ,! and  µ, find the minimum force that you need to apply to the wedge that will cause the small block to just begin to move up the slope. 5. Piano Moving Doofus and Diligent are moving a piano of mass M = 300 kg using the pulley system shown in the diagram. The rope around the pulley holding the piano, is tied to the axle of the top pulley which in turn is fastened to the ceiling. Diligent is holding the rope at the left, suspending the piano 10 metres above the ground. [4] (a) Draw free-body diagrams of the piano and of each pulley.Be sure to include all relevant forces. [7] (b) How much force is Diligent applying to keep the piano suspended? [6] (c) Doofus tries to help Diligent by climbing onto the upper platform and taking the rope off of the hook attaching the uppermost pulley to the platform, thinking he can hel p pull from there. How much force must he exert to keep the piano suspended? [3] (d) Doofus finds that he cannot support the weight and lets go of the rope. How long does Diligent have to dodge the piano before it hits the ground? 6. Safety First Doofus and Diligent are going to a party.They each buckle themselves in with seatbelts Diligent is hold a 25 kg keg of beer on his lap while Doofus drives. [4] (a) While travelling 60 km/hr, Doofus has to make an emergency stop over a distance of 45 m. How much force will Diligent's arms have to exert on the keg during this deceleration period so that it stays on his lap? [4] (b) The trip continues and the car turns a corner onto a highway, going at 90 km/hr. Suddenly Doofus sees a car heading toward them. He panics, locking the brakes and veering off to the right onto a very steep and muddy road allowance with a grade of 35%.The car slides up this nearly frictionless hill and comes to a stop at a cliff edge. How much distance does it cover ? [7] (c) From the top of this cliff they can see the location of the party a 2 kilometers east and 1000 meters above where they are. Diligent wants to walk the rest of the way, but Doofus proposes to use the motorized hang-glider in the back of the car to fly over there with the keg. He says he can fly straight there with a speed of 40 km/hr using its 6 horsepower motor, and sets off with the keg.While he is getting ready, Diligent, knowing that a horsepower is 750 Watts, calculates how much mass the glider can carry. He looks at the package and sees that air buoyancy alone can always support the glider as long as it is not carrying anything; but Doofus weighs 75 kg. Can Doofus carry the keg this way? [5] (d) As Doofus takes off, Diligent shouts out how slow he must fly to get to the party. What does he shout?. Useful Formulae Kinematics (a=const) Work, WKE, Power ! ! ! 1! r2 = r1 + v1 (t2 ! t1 ) + a (t2 ! t1 ) 2 2 ! ! ! v2 = v1 + a (t 2 ! t1 ) ! ! W = F † ! = Fx ! x + Fy ! y + Fz ! z (constant force) ! ! ! 2 v2 ! v12 = 2a † (r2 ! r1 ) Circular Motion K= 1 2 mv 2 Kinetic energy Wnet = K f † K i = ! K ar = ac = v2 r at = dv dt (uniform motion) P= P= !W ! t ! ! dr ! ! dW =F! = F ! v dt dt T U = 2! r dist = speed v Newton’s Laws ! F net = ! F = ma ! ! F12 = ! F21 ! ! Fg = mg Math ! ! ? A + B = ( Ax + Bx )i + ( Ay + B y ) ? j ! ! A ! B = Ax Bx + Ay B y Fs (x) = ! kx sin 2 ! + cos 2 ! = 1 f s ! f s ,max =  µ s n f k = µ k n Relative Motion sin A sin B sin C = = a b c a 2 = b 2 + c 2 ! 2bc cos A ! ! ! v AB = v A ! vB

Analysing The Giver by Lois lowry and Anthem by Ayn Rand Essay

Abstract This investigation outlines the fine line between utopias and dystopias. It assesses the topic of when and how the shift from a utopia to a dystopia can occur, analyzing the characteristics that make up a utopia and a dystopia. This investigation will examine two utopian/dystopian narratives. In both books, we will see characteristics of a dystopia, and be further exposed to two different lives under a â€Å"utopian† community. We will examine The Giver by Lois Lowry and Anthem by Ayn Rand. The books will be evaluated for their setting, protagonist, governing group, and how they expose the themes of erasing identity and individuality, therefore, answering the question of â€Å"to what extent do the actions of utopian societies in their attempt to create a perfect world rather create a dystopia?† Many characters in the narrative may not see the imperfections of the society. The protagonist is outlined by his/her ability to recognize the imperfection of the utopia, highli ghting the faults in his/her community. This is where we see the shift from a utopia to a dystopia. When we see the faults of this â€Å"perfect’ world, we realize that the world presented to us in the novel is an imperfect and vile world, also known as a dystopia. Introduction The world utopia is based on two contrasting latin roots â€Å"ou-topos† meaning no place, or â€Å"eu-topos† meaning good place (Ferns 2). Either definition of utopia can apply to the works that are considered utopian literature. Looking at the first definition of utopia, meaning â€Å"no place†, we can analyze that in utopian literature, there is no obvious setting or timeline of when the story is taking place (Spencer). Utopias seem to exist in past time when the world was seen as perfect by many optimists. Utopian communities are often isolated from the rest of the world, and everyone in the community is committed to the lifestyle and is controlled by a governing group (Spencer). Furthermore, utopias are fictional locations that only exist in the minds of their creators. On the other hand, the other definition of utopia challenges that idea. The other definition, defines utopias as â€Å"a good place†. That can be seen in many works, where the community is perfect because it is under a controlled environment. In such books, as stated before, the community is controlled by a hierarchy of people, a government to maintain the peace and equality. They control every aspect of the community, from the living conditions to the lifestyle of its citizens (Ferns 2). The council instills fear into the heart of their citizens, to make them obey what is said by the council. They grow dependent on the council, and never think to disobey the laws because they think they can not survive without the aid of the council. In addition to controlling the aspects of life in the community, the council tries to control the feelings and reactions of the citizens. By erasing the idea of uniqueness and identity from the citizens, they continue to make them dependent upon the system. In such utopian communities, the members are not allowed to choose their spouses, professions, or children, therefore, eliminatin g the prominent characteristics of individuality (Matteo). In some works of utopian literature, the word â€Å"I† is not included in the text; instead, it is replaced by the word â€Å"we†, when someone is referring to themselves. Eliminating the choice of identifying yourself as a unique person decreases the sense of power given to the people. Under the controlled environment, the utopia suits the definition quite thoroughly. However, once the protagonist realizes and demands his/her rights, is when we see a major transition in the theme occurring in utopian literature, producing a shift from a utopia to a dystopia. A dystopia is defined as an imperfect and troublesome imaginary place. Similarly found in most utopian literature, at  the beginning of the novel, we perceive the world as both perfect and good. We continue to think this way until we realize the faults of the community and understand the idea that often all utopias are dystopias, granted that the reader and the protagonist are ignorant to the fact. We soon compre hend the characteristics that outline a dystopian society. These include controlling every aspect of life, eliminating Individuality and identity, and being secluded from the outside world, all of which are major characteristics of a dystopian society. Protagonist in Dystopias Dystopias can be identified by the protagonist through his/her actions in the story. In a dystopia, usually we view the environment from an aspect of only one of the members of the community. At the beginning of the book, the author fools the readers into thinking that the community is normal, as that of an ordinary person’s life. However, as the reader continues on, they are interrupted by the sudden implication of abnormal aspects of the protagonist characters. These examples can exert from their family, job, feeling, and events in their everyday life. Dystopias often mention the restriction that are forced upon the protagonist, and how he/she rejects them (Spencer). The author finds a way to hint how strong the control of the governing council is forced upon the members of the community. The protagonists of the story are always characteristized as different from the rest, and therefore they view their community differently (Spencer). Frequently seen in utopian literature, the protagonist is given a unique ability that distinguishes him/her from the rest of the members. That ability can vary from the ability to see, hear, taste, or feel differently, causing them to appear intellectually superior to the citizens of the community (Ferns 30). Anything that gives the protagonist something special in personality is considered bad in the community, and is discouraged. In most works, the protagonists are given those ability to increase their sense of individuality, causing them to revolt against their community. We find that the protagonist is unsure of his/her feeling toward the governing system, which is affected by the people around him/her. Commonly in utopian literature, the protagonist comes in contact with characters who are completely under the control of the governing system, and also those who go  against the council for their personal needs. That causes the protagonist to begin to question his/her society, which is a major theme between all dystopian works (Spencers). In addition, in most works of dystopian literature, usually the protagonist decides that the community is restricting him/her of something he/she wants to accomplish. The protagonist might perceive the community’s control as normal, yet when he/she finds something so meaningful to them that is discouraged by the community, they respond by revolting and leaving the community. Standing up and revolting against the system is something that needs much strength and bravery, which is what is showcased by the protagonist. The Giver by Lois Lowry One well known example of a dystopian novel is The Giver by Lois lowry. In the book we are introduced to the main character Jonas and his behavior with his family. At first he seems to live a normal life. However, when he describes how his family came together was when he noticed that abnormalities began to appear. Lowry writes, â€Å"Two children–one male, one female–to each family unit. It was written very clearly in the rules† (Lowry 14). Jonas describes how his parents were picked to marry by the House of Elder (governing party), and how his sister and he were given to them. In other words, in his community people have no choice in who they marry or who their children will be. From choosing a spouse, to having children, and other factors such as career choice, all were decided by the House of Elders. We perceive Jonas as the protagonist because it is apparent that he differs from his community. Lowry highlights his difference using his eyes as a symbol of significance and disorder. We are told that Jonas’ eyes are different in how they perceive things, and how he is the only one that can see different colors. Lowry refers to the subject in a reflection by Jonas: â€Å"Almost every citizen in the community had dark eyes. His parents did, and Lily did, and so did all of his group members and friends. But there were a few exceptions: Jonas himself, and a female Five who he had noticed had the different, lighter eyes† (Lowry 25). This reflection was Jonas’s explanation of his eyes, after his sister pointed out how his eyes differed from the  rest of the family. We see that Jonas has special characteristic of a dystopian protagonist. He stands different from the rest and, therefore, conflict is created because he realizes his individuality. We then go through Jonas’s twelfth ceremony, in which he is given the job of the receiver of memory. He must go to an old man known as the â€Å"Giver† and receive the memories of the community. These memories range from snowstorms, to wars fought, to simple happy moments. Some were very comforting, while others haunted Jonas. The story then drifts to a scene where a little baby that his father is taking care of named Gabriel. He was an ill child, but Jonas’s father could not bare to euthanize him. He took care of him, and Jonas helped by giving him sweet memories to make him fall asleep. Lowry writes, â€Å"After Gabe had slept soundly in Jonas’s room for four nights, his parents had pronounced the experiment a success and Jonas a hero† (Lowry 131). Seeing his effect of being able to comfort Gabriel, Jonas starts to think that the people of his community should see these memories. However, the House of Elders discouraged the idea it due to the fact that it might frighten some people. In order to release the memories, Jonas would have to pass away or leave the community. In an attempt to revolt against the House of Elders, Jonas and the â€Å"Giver† planned a scheme for Jonas to runaways and leave the community, therefore releasing all the memories to the public. Unfortunately, their plans get interpreted as Jonas fled the community early, trying to help save Gabriel. Gabriel was sent to be euthanized the next day, in attempt to please the â€Å"Giver† and save Gabriel, Jonas fled. They leave the community and begin to experience the memories transferred to Jonas, hoping to live a normal life with a different community. Anthem by Ayn Rand A well known canonical dystopian novel is Ayn Rand’s famous book Anthem. In the book we are first introduced to Equality 7-2521 as he writes about his life in his community. It appears to be a perfect utopia. Each person is not given a name, but instead a faction that accommodates a word representing peace and equality, and a number.The citizens are not encouraged to be individuals but instead one whole community. We are introduced to the vows of the World Council said by the people everyday, â€Å" We are one in all and all in one. There are no men but only the great WE, one, indivisible and  forever† (Rand 19). The book begins by Equality 7-2521 referencing to himself as â€Å" We equality 7-2521†, he talks about being scared, because he is in the tunnel alone; in his community, citizens are not allowed to be alone. They are encouraged to always be in a group of people. By the small hints, we see that individuality and having your own identity is something th at is not encouraged. As we get to know Equality 7-2521 more, we realize that he is curious and very intelligent- two things that are not encouraged as well. At the beginning of the book the teacher, shames him for being too smart and too tall. Ayn Rand writes, â€Å"It is not good to be different from our brothers, but it is evil to be superior to them. The teacher told us so, and they frowned when they looked upon us† (Rand 21). He is taught that being different is bad. He sees his intelligences as a curse, until he realizes the value of his individuality. After working alone for so long, he discovers electricity and circuits his own light bulb. All this is done in secret because he was assigned the job of street sweeper. It would be a crime to think and do something that was not his job; it is also a crime to be alone. He keeps the bulb quiet for many days but finally decides that the House of Scholars would love the invention so much they would not punish him for breaking the law. He waits unti l the right day and shows his invention to them. They become angry, threaten to kill him and demolish his invention. Rand describes their outrage, â€Å"‘A Street Sweeper! A Street Sweeper walking in upon the World Council of Scholars! It is not to be believed! It is against all the rules and all the laws!’† (Rand 69). The World Council is outraged that someone who was given a job so low in status, can create something that scholar could not think of yet. That special ability of intelligence that Equality 7-2521 has, breaks the set up of the system (i.e. that everyone is only capable of the job given to them by the council). Excelling past a person’s determined status encourages others to do the same, creating rebellions. Equality 7-2521 decides that its not worth it to confront the council, but rather easier to flee the community with his invention into the uncharted forest. After many days alone he is happy to see the face of a girl that he loved. Another rule he broke was talking to a peasant girl named Liberty 5-3000, yet he renames her The Golden One. Even though this is considered a sin, Equality 7-2521 gave her a name because he loved her. Rand writes â€Å" We have given them a name in our thoughts. We call  them The Golden One. But it is a sin to give men names which distinguish them from other men† (Rand 41). The two of them fall in love, and after Equality 7-2521 leaves, Liberty 5-3000 chooses to follow him into the uncharted forest. After leaving the community, they once thought was perfect, they start to experience new adventures they did not know existed. For the first time, they see their own reflection, live together, read books, and most importantly they start use of the word â€Å"I†. Settings in Dystopias In both novels, we can see characteristics of setting in dystopian literature. Firstly, in both novels the setting is not identified. In The Giver, Jonas speaks about the different house that are in his community, but he never reveals exactly where they are. He does not mention what is beyond his community and only let us know that there are other communities based on a conversation. In the beginning of the book, we are introduced to his sister Lily who speaks of how she is angry because another kid from a different community was not following the rule at her school. Lily reflects, â€Å"I guess I wasn’t paying attention. It was from another community. They had to leave very early, and they had their midday meal on the bus.† (Lowry 11). In a way, Lowry is setting the scene of his home. She reveals that there are other communities around, yet we never get to know if the community is a country, state or even a village. Similarly, in the book Anthem, the setting is not identified. Equality 7-2521 talks about having his community and an uncharted forest, yet he never identifies the exact location. He reflects on what is beyond the pale of his community, â€Å" Beyond the ravine there is a plain, and beyond the plain there lies the Uncharted Forest, about which men must not think† (Rand 30). Equality 7-2521 knows that there is something beyond his home, yet he is not permitted to question or explore it. Therefore, we perceive that the story occurred a long time ago, in an unknown place, and the world has developed since then. However, in both novels the exact setting is not fully known, a clear characteristic of dystopian narratives. Revolting Protagonists In addition to the unknown settings, both books have a revolting  protagonists. We see it when the protagonist is influenced by someone who secretly goes against the council, or to protect someone that they love dearly, or because they are different than the rest of the community in some way. In The Giver, Jonas demonstrates all of these influences to leave the community. After becoming close to the â€Å"Giver†, he learns about the last receiver in the community and her story. He is influenced by the ideas of The Giver, of how the community should know its secrets. This causes him to believe that leaving the community would be the best, for therefore he can release the memories to the public. The Giver explains, â€Å"Rosemary had only those five weeks worth, and most of them were good ones [Memories]. But there were those few terrible memories, the ones that had overwhelmed her. For a while they overwhelmed the community. All those feelings! They’d never experienced that before.† (lowry 147). The Giver explains how if Jonas left or died, all the memories were to be given back to the people of the community. Something that they might not be able to handle, but nevertheless, believed is crucial to expose to them. With the Giver’s influence, Jonas revolts against the House of Elders, and leaves the community, releasing all the memories. Secondly, another reason that Jonas revolts is to protect someone he loves. Jonas abandons his set plan with the â€Å"Giver†, and leaves the community earlier than planned to save Gabriel from being euthanized. Thirdly, Jonas demonstrates the third characteristic of a dystopian character, as we get the hint that Jonas is special in some way. Lowry describes his eyes as something special, that he can perceive things that other can not see. In a way, he has a different view of society and people than th e rest and is more knowledgeable. He is given the job of the receiver for that reason, that with those memories he can see beyond and connect ideas together. Jonas was suppose to be good for the community, instead, he revealed the truth of the troubled nature of their existence. In Anthem by Ayn Rand, Equality 7-2521 also demonstrates the reasons for a revolting protagonist. First, he demonstrates the reason of leaving his community to protect something he loved. Equality 7-2521 was criticized and ordered punished for his actions and his invention. The council ordered him dead, and his invention destroyed in the name of good for the community. Rand writes, â€Å" ‘You shall be burned at the stake’ said Democracy 4-6998† (Rand 72). This illustrates the seriousness of Equality 7-2521’s action to  the World Council, that it is considered evil and he should be punished harshly. Therefore, Equality 7-2521 revolts and runs to the Uncharted Forest to protect his precious invention. Secondly, Equality 7-2521 also explores the third aspect of a dystopian protagonist, which is that he is different from the rest of his community. As stated above, he is yelled at for being smarter than the rest of the boys. A dystopian protagonist often has a special ability that others in his community do not. In this case Equality 7-2521 has the power of Intelligence. He is intellectually superior to the rest of his community, illustrated by his ability to discover electricity and circuit a light bulb, something that the House of Scholars could not accomplish themselves. Clearly, both protagonist fit the perspective of the characteristics of a dystopia protagonist. Interestingly, the books were written about a decade apart, yet share such great similarities in characterization. The Governing Party In both books, we see a controlling governing party that controls the whole community. In The Giver, Jonas describes how the governing party control the aspects of family. He explains about how the House of Elders, selected his parents and sibling. In his community it was normal for the House of Elders to put families together, eliminating the element of choice from the rights of their citizens. Each person is chosen a mate, and never sees their biological children. They make the children, and afterwards other children are given to them by the House of Children. Then we are introduced to yearly ceremonies, in which we are told that this year Jonas will be receiving his job. His father discussed of how the committee selected a person’s job. â€Å"The committee always makes the list in advance, and it’s right there in the office at the Nurturing Center† (Lowry 17). Jonas’ father describes the draconian method in which a person’s profession is determin ed. Similarly, in Anthem we see the same effect of the governing party or a council. Equality 7-2521 talks about liking the Golden One, yet he cannot approach her because the council even controls the person to whom you procreate with. He explores the matter, when discussing how mating occurs in his community: â€Å"Each of the men have one of the women assigned to them by the Council of Eugenics† (Rand 41). He explains how each person is chosen a mate and forced to marry and  procreate with that person. Secondly, it is illustrated when discussing career and employment in his community. In Equality 7-2521’s community a job is selected by the World Council. He is given the job of street sweeper, which he hates. He thought that his intellectual powers would be useful in the House of Scholars. In both books, the government controls every aspect of the community citizen’s life. Erasing of Individualization and identity In observing the overall themes of the books The Giver and Anthem, the theme of erasing individualization and identity is present. In The Giver, we see the loss of identity by the impersonalization in Jonas’ family. The idea of how his parents and sibling are not biologically related to him gives him less of an identity. He does not know who his biological parents are, or if he’s related to anyone. He is forced into this family, who were picked by a group of people that do not exactly know him. Not knowing his background, Jonas can never know his true identity. Erasing of individuality and identity is also a major theme in Anthem. From the beginning of the book, we notice that Equality 7-2521 never uses the word â€Å"I† when referring to himself. He uses the word â€Å"we†, elaborating on the matter that â€Å"I† and being alone was forbidden in the community and seen as an evil sin. Not being able to identify oneself from the rest is a major sign of erasing of individuality and identity. He speaks of the matter when writing about the sin of being alone, â€Å" The laws say that none among men may be alone† (Rand 17). Not being able to say the word â€Å"I† or having personal time alone, a person can not personalize anything about themselves. Similar to The Giver, Equality 7-2521 does not get the choice of what job he is given, what mate he selects, or any major aspect of his life. Not having control of your life choices, and not being able to use the word â€Å"I† is how dystopian councils erase individuality and identity in the community. Conclusion: In conclusion, in order to outline the fine line between utopias and dystopias, we must understand the factors that cause a utopia to ultimately appear as a dystopia. This is shown through the conduct of the protagonists and also the great extent in which governing characters of a utopian society  attempt to perfect the world by controlling every aspect of a community. Moreover, to be able to understand and compare The Giver and Anthem, we must first understand what a utopia is and also, be able to understand utopian literature and dystopian qualities and the similarities between them. To understand utopias, we have to see which definition of utopia did the author use to explain their utopia. Either the definition of â€Å"no place’, or the definition of â€Å"good place†. We see in The Giver, that Lowry explains the utopia as a good place. Jonas’s characteris shown to have a good life, until he discovers the truth about his community. This reveals how his community turns into a dystopia for him, and he decides to leave his so perfect home. However, we see that in Anthem the definition of â€Å"no place†, was used in context. Equality 7-2521, never seems to be happy with his world. Rand creates a sad, and dark atmosphere to the setting as well as the plot in which we see his community in an unknown place, with no good forces at all. While Equality’ 7-2521’s perfect utopia is equal and all, it turns into a dystopia when he discovers that he is no longer accepted home. Both stories are great example of utopias turning bad, and becoming a dystopia. They start as perfect worlds, but when readers look closer, we see the flaws, allowing us to see the alteration of the utopias becoming dystopias. Overall, in examining at the characteristics that are similar in utopias, it is reasonable to conclude that to a great extent, The Giver and Anthem are similar utopian novels. Works Cited Ferns, C. S. Narrating Utopia: Ideology, Gender, Form in Utopian Literature. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1999. Print. Gordin, Michael D., Helen Tilley, and Gyan Prakash. Utopia/dystopia: Conditions of Historical Possibility. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2010. Print. Lowry, Lois. The Giver. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993. Print. Matteo, Qian Shuo, and Yu Lan. Utopia and Dystopia. Asia-Europe Classroom, n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. . Rand, Ayn. Anthem. New York: Dutton, 1995. Print. Spencer, Brooks. â€Å"Utopian Writing: Its Nature and Historical Context.† Oregonstate.edu. Oregon State, n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2013. .